1.2 Ruhi Muqaddima Translation

1 Ruhi al-Khalidi, Introduction to the Eastern Question (Al-Muqaddima fi al- Mas’ala al-Sharqiyya) Table of Contents 1. Author’s Introduction…………………………………………………………………………p.2 2. The Eastern Question: Definitions………………………………………………………p.6 3. Origins of the Eastern Question………………………………………………………….p.10 4. The Field of the Eastern Question……………………………………………………….p.17 5. The entry of the Turks into Muslim domains……………………………………….p.19 6. The Rise of the Ottoman State…………………………………………………………….p.21 7. The Peace of Vasvár…………………………………………………………………………….p.27 8. The Siege of Vienna and Islam’s Retreat from Europe………………………….p.27 9. Treaty of Karlowitz………………………………………………………………………………p.29 10. Treaty of Passarowitz…………………………………………………………………………p.30 11. The Turning Point between Eras of Success and Decline…………………….p.31 12. The Formation of Russia and the Rurik Dynasty…………………………………p.32 13. The Russians embrace Orthodoxy……………………………………………………..p.33 14. Break-up of the Kingdom and the Rise of the Muslim Kipcak State…….p.35 15. The Rise of the Principality of Moscow………………………………………………p.37 16. Ivan the Great and the Fall of the Kipcak State…………………………………..p.38 17. Ivan the Great marries Sophia Palaeologina……………………………………………………………………………………………p.39 18. The Title of Tsar and the Adoption of the Byzantine Eagle………………….p.40 19. Ivan’s Successors……………………………………………………………………………….p.41 20. Power passes to the Romanov Dynasty……………………………………………..p.42 21. The Romanov Dynasty……………………………………………………………………….p.43